Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications:
Book Chapters:
2. Boyd, D.A., The Importance of Mentorship and Science Outreach to the Next Generation, In: Collins, S.N., editor.
African American Chemists: Academia, Industry, and Social Entrepreneurship. American Chemical Society, 2021, 53–65.
1. Boyd, D.A.; Erickson J.; Roy J.N.; Snider R.M.; Strycharz-Glaven S.M.; Tender L.M.*, “Measuring Electron Transport Rates through Electrochemically Active Biofilms” In: Beyenal H., editor. Biofilms in Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Laboratory Practice to Data Interpretation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2015, ISBN: 9781118413494.
Publications: (h-index = 16, as of 11/15/2023)
32. Collins, N.S.; Appleby, L.; Boyd, D.A.; Thammavongsy, Z.,; "Wakanda Forever: Vibranium and the 5g Subshell," Chem.
Educator, 2023, 28, 80-82.
31. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; Kung, F.H.; Pollard, N.A.; Myers, J.D.; McClain, C.C.; Hunt, M.P.; Gibson, D.J.; Baker, C.C.;
Clayborne, A.Z.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., Comonomer Isomers Result in Varied Optical Properties Within ORMOCHALC
Polymers,” ChemRxiv, Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage; 2023.
30. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Urbas, A.M.; Derov, J.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Ryu, J.E., “Novel Nanocomposite
Refractive Index Tuning Mechanism Based On Controlling Embedded Particle Morphology,” ASME International
Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2021, 85574, V003T03A011.
29. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Derov, J.; Urbas, A.M.; Ku, Z.; Sihn, A.; Smith, E.M.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Nguyen, V.Q.;
Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.; Ryu, J.E., “Highly Efficient Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Polarizer By ORMOCHALC
Composite With Improved Thermomechanical Stability And Spectral Selectivity,” ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2021, 85574, V003T03A012.
28. Boyd, D.A.*, Safer and Greener Polymer Demonstrations for STEM Outreach,” ACS Polymers Au, 2021, 1(2), 67-75.
27. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Zhong, Y.; Urbas, A.M.; Smith, E.; Derov, J.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.;
Ko, Y.; Genzer, J.; Ye, X.; Guo, Z.; Seo, E.; Ryu, J.E., “Novel Computational Design of High Refractive Index
Nanocomposites and Effective Refractive Index Tuning Based On Nanoparticle Morphology Effect,” Composites Part B:
Engineering, 2021, 223, 109128.
26. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Derov, J.; Urbas, A.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.;
Smith, E.M.; Ryu, J.E., “Tunable Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Polarizer By ORMOCHALC Composite With Improved
Thermomechanical Stability,” SPIE, Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications
XIX, 2021, 1179722.
25. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Urbas, A.M.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Ryu, J.E., “The Polymer Nanocomposites
Embedded Particles Size and Agglomeration Effect On The Effective Refractive Index Tuning,” SPIE, Nanoengineering:
Fabrication, Properties, Optics, Thin Films, and Devices XVIII, 2021, 118020L.
24. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Boyd, D.A.; Zhong, Y.; Nahid, M.M.; Henry, R.; Taussig, L.; Ko, Y.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.;
Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Smith, E.M.; Derov, J.S.; Ye, X.; Amassian, A.; Ade, H.; Genzer, J.; Ryu, J.E., “Enhanced Mid-
Wavelength Infrared Refractive Index of Organically Modified Chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC) Polymer Nanocomposites
With Thermomechanical Stability,” Optical Materials, 2020, 108, 110197.
23. Islam, M.D.; Kim, J.O.; Ko, Y.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Smith, E.M.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.; Kim, W.;
Sanghera, J.S.; Czaplewski, D.A.; Urbas, A.M.; Genzer, J.; Ryu, J.E., “Design of High Efficient Mid-Wavelength Infrared
Polarizer on ORMOCHALC Polymer,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2020, 305 (5), 2000033.
22. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; McClain, C.C.; Kung, F.H.; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Hunt, M.P.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.,
“Fabrication of High Refractive Index, Infrared Transmitting Organically Modified Chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC)
Polymers,” Proc. SPIE 10998, Advanced Optics for Imaging Applications: UV through LWIR IV, 2019, 1099802.
21. Boyd, D.A.*, Shaw, L.B.; Baker, C.C.; Rhonehouse, D.L.; Hunt, M.H.; Friebele, E.J.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.,
“Improved Polymer Cladding For Eye Safer Fiber Lasers,” Proc. SPIE 10981, Laser Technology for Defense and Security XV, 2019, 10910H.
20. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; McClain, C.C.; Kung, F.H.; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Hunt, M.P.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., “Optical Properties of a Sulfur-Rich Organically Modified Chalcogenide Polymer Synthesized via Inverse Vulcanization and Containing an Organometallic Comonomer,” ACS Macro Letters, 2019, 8, 113–116.
19. McClain, C.C.; Brown, C.G; Flowers, J.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Boyd, D.A.*, “Optical Properties of Photopolymerized Thiol-Ene Polymers Fabricated Using Various Multivinyl Monomers,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57 (27), 8902–8906.
18. Shaw, L.B.*; Hunt, M.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Boyd, D.A.; Brown, C.G.; Bowman, S.R.; Sanghera, J.S., “Fabrication and Spectroscopy Pr3+ doped Ceramic Calcium Lanthanum Sulfide for Mid-IR Laser Gain Material,” High-Brightness Sources and Light-driven Interactions, OSA Technical Digest (online), 2018, MM3C.5.
17. Stewart, M.H.; Susumu, K.; Oh, E.; Brown, C.G.; McClain, C.C.; Gorzkowski, E.P.; Boyd, D.A.*, “Fabrication of Photoluminescent Quantum Dot Thiol-yne Nanocomposites via Thermal Curing or Photopolymerization,” ACS Omega, 2018, 3, 3314–3320.
16. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Aggarwal, I.D.; Sanghera, J.S., “Superhydrophobic, Infrared Transmissive Moth Eye-like Substrates For Use In Wet Conditions,” Proc. SPIE 10179, Window and Dome Technologies and Materials XV, 2017, 1017906-1017906-8.
15. Boyd, D.A.*; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Drake, G.A.; McClain, C.C.; Bowman, S.R.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., “ORMOCHALCs: Organically Modified Chalcogenide Polymers For Infrared Optics,” Chem. Comm., 2017, 53, 259–262.
14. Boyd, D.A.*, “Sulfur and its Role in Modern Materials Science,” Angew. Chemie, 2016, 55 (50), 15486–15502.
13. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Nimalan, R.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Sanghera, J.S., “Periodically Patterned Germanium Surfaces Modified To Form Superhydrophobic, IR Transmissive Substrates,” Opt. Mater. Exp., 2016, 6 (10), 3254–3261.
12. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Bayya, S.S.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Aggarwal, I.; Poutous, M.; Sanghera, J.S., “Modification of Nanostructured Fused Silica For Use As Superhydrophobic, IR Transmissive, Anti-Reflective Surfaces,” Opt. Mater., 2016, 54, 195–199.
11. Daniele, M.A.; Boyd, D.A.; Mott, D.R.; Ligler, F.S.*, “3D hydrodynamic Focusing Microfluidics for Emerging Sensing Technologies,” Biosens. & Bioelectron., 2015, 67, 25–34.
10. Daniele, M.A.*; Boyd, D.A.; Ligler, F.S.; Adams, A.A., “Microfluidic Strategies for Design and Assembly of Microfibers and Nanofibers with Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications,” Adv. Healthcare Mater., 2015, 4, 11–28.
9. Boyd, D.A.*; Bezares, F.J.; Pacardo, D.B.; Ukaegbu, M.; Hosten, C.; Ligler, F.S., "Small-Molecule Detection in Thiol–Yne Nanocomposites via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy," Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 12315–12320.
8. Strycharz-Glaven, S.M.; Roy, J.N.; Boyd, D.A.; Snider, R.M.; Tender, L.M.*, "Electron Transport through Early Exponential- Phase Anode-Grown Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms,“ ChemElectroChem, 2014, 1, 1957–1965.
7. Boyd, D.A.*; Naciri, J.; Fontana, J.; Pacardo, D.B.; Shields, A.R.; Verbarg, J.; Spillmann, C.M.; Ligler, F.S., “Facile Fabrication of Color Tunable Film and Fiber Nanocomposites via Thiol Click Chemistry,” Macromolecules, 2014, 47, 695–704.
6. Boyd, D.A.; Adams, A.A.; Daniele, M.A.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Pre- designed Size and Shape,” J. Visualized Exp., 2014, 83, DOI: 10.3791/50958.
5. Boyd, D.A.; Shields, A.R.; Howell, P.B.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Design and Fabrication of Uniquely Shaped Thiol–ene Microfibers Using a Two-Stage Hydrodynamic Focusing Design,” Lab Chip, 2013, 13, 3105–3110.
4. Boyd, D.A.; Shields, A.R.; Naciri, J.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Hydrodynamic Shaping, Polymerization, and Subsequent Modification of Thiol Click Fibers,” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2013, 5, 114–119.
3. Boyd, D.A.; Fanwick, P.E.; Ren, T.*, “New Diruthenium Complexes Formed Via Modification With 1,1’–Ferrocene Dicarboxylic Acid,” Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2011, 370, 198–202.
2. Boyd, D.A.; Cao, Z.; Song, Y.; Wang, T.; Fanwick, P.E.; Crutchley, R.J.; Ren, T.*, “Diruthenium Compounds Bearing Equatorial Fc-containing Ligands: Synthesis and Electronic Structure,” Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49 (24), 11525–11531.
1. Boyd, D.A.; Crutchley, R.J.; Fanwick, P.E.; Ren, T.*, “Fc-Fc Electronic Interaction through Equatorial Pathways of a Diruthenium Core,” Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49 (4), 1322–1324.
2. Boyd, D.A., The Importance of Mentorship and Science Outreach to the Next Generation, In: Collins, S.N., editor.
African American Chemists: Academia, Industry, and Social Entrepreneurship. American Chemical Society, 2021, 53–65.
1. Boyd, D.A.; Erickson J.; Roy J.N.; Snider R.M.; Strycharz-Glaven S.M.; Tender L.M.*, “Measuring Electron Transport Rates through Electrochemically Active Biofilms” In: Beyenal H., editor. Biofilms in Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Laboratory Practice to Data Interpretation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2015, ISBN: 9781118413494.
Publications: (h-index = 16, as of 11/15/2023)
32. Collins, N.S.; Appleby, L.; Boyd, D.A.; Thammavongsy, Z.,; "Wakanda Forever: Vibranium and the 5g Subshell," Chem.
Educator, 2023, 28, 80-82.
31. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; Kung, F.H.; Pollard, N.A.; Myers, J.D.; McClain, C.C.; Hunt, M.P.; Gibson, D.J.; Baker, C.C.;
Clayborne, A.Z.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., Comonomer Isomers Result in Varied Optical Properties Within ORMOCHALC
Polymers,” ChemRxiv, Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage; 2023.
30. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Urbas, A.M.; Derov, J.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Ryu, J.E., “Novel Nanocomposite
Refractive Index Tuning Mechanism Based On Controlling Embedded Particle Morphology,” ASME International
Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2021, 85574, V003T03A011.
29. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Derov, J.; Urbas, A.M.; Ku, Z.; Sihn, A.; Smith, E.M.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Nguyen, V.Q.;
Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.; Ryu, J.E., “Highly Efficient Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Polarizer By ORMOCHALC
Composite With Improved Thermomechanical Stability And Spectral Selectivity,” ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2021, 85574, V003T03A012.
28. Boyd, D.A.*, Safer and Greener Polymer Demonstrations for STEM Outreach,” ACS Polymers Au, 2021, 1(2), 67-75.
27. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Zhong, Y.; Urbas, A.M.; Smith, E.; Derov, J.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.;
Ko, Y.; Genzer, J.; Ye, X.; Guo, Z.; Seo, E.; Ryu, J.E., “Novel Computational Design of High Refractive Index
Nanocomposites and Effective Refractive Index Tuning Based On Nanoparticle Morphology Effect,” Composites Part B:
Engineering, 2021, 223, 109128.
26. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Derov, J.; Urbas, A.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.;
Smith, E.M.; Ryu, J.E., “Tunable Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Polarizer By ORMOCHALC Composite With Improved
Thermomechanical Stability,” SPIE, Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications
XIX, 2021, 1179722.
25. Liu, S.; Islam, M.D.; Ku, Z.; Urbas, A.M.; Boyd, D.A.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Ryu, J.E., “The Polymer Nanocomposites
Embedded Particles Size and Agglomeration Effect On The Effective Refractive Index Tuning,” SPIE, Nanoengineering:
Fabrication, Properties, Optics, Thin Films, and Devices XVIII, 2021, 118020L.
24. Islam, M.D.; Liu, S.; Boyd, D.A.; Zhong, Y.; Nahid, M.M.; Henry, R.; Taussig, L.; Ko, Y.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.;
Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.; Smith, E.M.; Derov, J.S.; Ye, X.; Amassian, A.; Ade, H.; Genzer, J.; Ryu, J.E., “Enhanced Mid-
Wavelength Infrared Refractive Index of Organically Modified Chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC) Polymer Nanocomposites
With Thermomechanical Stability,” Optical Materials, 2020, 108, 110197.
23. Islam, M.D.; Kim, J.O.; Ko, Y.; Ku, Z.; Boyd, D.A.; Smith, E.M.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Myers, J.D.; Baker, C.C.; Kim, W.;
Sanghera, J.S.; Czaplewski, D.A.; Urbas, A.M.; Genzer, J.; Ryu, J.E., “Design of High Efficient Mid-Wavelength Infrared
Polarizer on ORMOCHALC Polymer,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2020, 305 (5), 2000033.
22. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; McClain, C.C.; Kung, F.H.; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Hunt, M.P.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.,
“Fabrication of High Refractive Index, Infrared Transmitting Organically Modified Chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC)
Polymers,” Proc. SPIE 10998, Advanced Optics for Imaging Applications: UV through LWIR IV, 2019, 1099802.
21. Boyd, D.A.*, Shaw, L.B.; Baker, C.C.; Rhonehouse, D.L.; Hunt, M.H.; Friebele, E.J.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S.,
“Improved Polymer Cladding For Eye Safer Fiber Lasers,” Proc. SPIE 10981, Laser Technology for Defense and Security XV, 2019, 10910H.
20. Boyd, D.A.*, Nguyen, V.Q.; McClain, C.C.; Kung, F.H.; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Hunt, M.P.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., “Optical Properties of a Sulfur-Rich Organically Modified Chalcogenide Polymer Synthesized via Inverse Vulcanization and Containing an Organometallic Comonomer,” ACS Macro Letters, 2019, 8, 113–116.
19. McClain, C.C.; Brown, C.G; Flowers, J.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Boyd, D.A.*, “Optical Properties of Photopolymerized Thiol-Ene Polymers Fabricated Using Various Multivinyl Monomers,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57 (27), 8902–8906.
18. Shaw, L.B.*; Hunt, M.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Boyd, D.A.; Brown, C.G.; Bowman, S.R.; Sanghera, J.S., “Fabrication and Spectroscopy Pr3+ doped Ceramic Calcium Lanthanum Sulfide for Mid-IR Laser Gain Material,” High-Brightness Sources and Light-driven Interactions, OSA Technical Digest (online), 2018, MM3C.5.
17. Stewart, M.H.; Susumu, K.; Oh, E.; Brown, C.G.; McClain, C.C.; Gorzkowski, E.P.; Boyd, D.A.*, “Fabrication of Photoluminescent Quantum Dot Thiol-yne Nanocomposites via Thermal Curing or Photopolymerization,” ACS Omega, 2018, 3, 3314–3320.
16. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Aggarwal, I.D.; Sanghera, J.S., “Superhydrophobic, Infrared Transmissive Moth Eye-like Substrates For Use In Wet Conditions,” Proc. SPIE 10179, Window and Dome Technologies and Materials XV, 2017, 1017906-1017906-8.
15. Boyd, D.A.*; Baker, C.C.; Myers, J.D.; Nguyen, V.Q.; Drake, G.A.; McClain, C.C.; Bowman, S.R.; Kim, W.; Sanghera, J.S., “ORMOCHALCs: Organically Modified Chalcogenide Polymers For Infrared Optics,” Chem. Comm., 2017, 53, 259–262.
14. Boyd, D.A.*, “Sulfur and its Role in Modern Materials Science,” Angew. Chemie, 2016, 55 (50), 15486–15502.
13. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Nimalan, R.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Bayya, S.S.; Sanghera, J.S., “Periodically Patterned Germanium Surfaces Modified To Form Superhydrophobic, IR Transmissive Substrates,” Opt. Mater. Exp., 2016, 6 (10), 3254–3261.
12. Boyd, D.A.*; Frantz, J.A.; Bayya, S.S.; Busse, L.E.; Kim, W.; Aggarwal, I.; Poutous, M.; Sanghera, J.S., “Modification of Nanostructured Fused Silica For Use As Superhydrophobic, IR Transmissive, Anti-Reflective Surfaces,” Opt. Mater., 2016, 54, 195–199.
11. Daniele, M.A.; Boyd, D.A.; Mott, D.R.; Ligler, F.S.*, “3D hydrodynamic Focusing Microfluidics for Emerging Sensing Technologies,” Biosens. & Bioelectron., 2015, 67, 25–34.
10. Daniele, M.A.*; Boyd, D.A.; Ligler, F.S.; Adams, A.A., “Microfluidic Strategies for Design and Assembly of Microfibers and Nanofibers with Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications,” Adv. Healthcare Mater., 2015, 4, 11–28.
9. Boyd, D.A.*; Bezares, F.J.; Pacardo, D.B.; Ukaegbu, M.; Hosten, C.; Ligler, F.S., "Small-Molecule Detection in Thiol–Yne Nanocomposites via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy," Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 12315–12320.
8. Strycharz-Glaven, S.M.; Roy, J.N.; Boyd, D.A.; Snider, R.M.; Tender, L.M.*, "Electron Transport through Early Exponential- Phase Anode-Grown Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms,“ ChemElectroChem, 2014, 1, 1957–1965.
7. Boyd, D.A.*; Naciri, J.; Fontana, J.; Pacardo, D.B.; Shields, A.R.; Verbarg, J.; Spillmann, C.M.; Ligler, F.S., “Facile Fabrication of Color Tunable Film and Fiber Nanocomposites via Thiol Click Chemistry,” Macromolecules, 2014, 47, 695–704.
6. Boyd, D.A.; Adams, A.A.; Daniele, M.A.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Pre- designed Size and Shape,” J. Visualized Exp., 2014, 83, DOI: 10.3791/50958.
5. Boyd, D.A.; Shields, A.R.; Howell, P.B.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Design and Fabrication of Uniquely Shaped Thiol–ene Microfibers Using a Two-Stage Hydrodynamic Focusing Design,” Lab Chip, 2013, 13, 3105–3110.
4. Boyd, D.A.; Shields, A.R.; Naciri, J.; Ligler, F.S.*, “Hydrodynamic Shaping, Polymerization, and Subsequent Modification of Thiol Click Fibers,” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2013, 5, 114–119.
3. Boyd, D.A.; Fanwick, P.E.; Ren, T.*, “New Diruthenium Complexes Formed Via Modification With 1,1’–Ferrocene Dicarboxylic Acid,” Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2011, 370, 198–202.
2. Boyd, D.A.; Cao, Z.; Song, Y.; Wang, T.; Fanwick, P.E.; Crutchley, R.J.; Ren, T.*, “Diruthenium Compounds Bearing Equatorial Fc-containing Ligands: Synthesis and Electronic Structure,” Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49 (24), 11525–11531.
1. Boyd, D.A.; Crutchley, R.J.; Fanwick, P.E.; Ren, T.*, “Fc-Fc Electronic Interaction through Equatorial Pathways of a Diruthenium Core,” Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49 (4), 1322–1324.